Air Pollution Policy & GRAP (2024–26): AQI, Regulatory Measures & Institutional Framework

 Air Pollution Policy & GRAP (2024–26): AQI, Regulatory Measures & Institutional Framework

1. Why in News?

During 2024–26:

  • Severe air pollution episodes triggered emergency measures.

  • GRAP stages were repeatedly invoked in NCR.

  • Debate intensified over:

    • Construction bans

    • Vehicular restrictions

    • Stubble burning

    • Industrial emissions

Air quality governance remained under public and judicial scrutiny.

2. What is AQI?

AQI = Air Quality Index

It measures air pollution level based on pollutants like:

  • PM2.5

  • PM10

  • NO₂

  • SO₂

  • CO

  • Ozone

Higher AQI = worse air quality.

UPSC frequently asks PM2.5 vs PM10.

3. What is GRAP?

GRAP = Graded Response Action Plan

Implemented in:
National Capital Region (NCR).

It activates progressively stricter measures depending on pollution level.

4. GRAP Stages (Conceptual Understanding)

Stage-based escalation:

  • Moderate

  • Poor

  • Very Poor

  • Severe

Each stage triggers:

  • Construction restrictions

  • Traffic controls

  • Industrial shutdowns

  • School closures

UPSC may test stage logic, not exact numbers.

5. Institutional Framework

Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) oversees NCR pollution control.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
Monitors national air quality.

State Pollution Control Boards implement regulations.

Know roles clearly.

6. Legal Basis

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

Environment Protection Act, 1986 also relevant.

Supreme Court has frequently intervened.

7. Sources of Air Pollution

  • Vehicular emissions

  • Construction dust

  • Industrial emissions

  • Agricultural stubble burning

  • Thermal power plants

UPSC often asks source-based MCQs.

8. Static Linkage

Difference between:

  • Primary pollutants

  • Secondary pollutants

PM2.5 more dangerous than PM10 due to smaller particle size.

9. Prelims Angle

Likely traps:

  • GRAP implemented in which region?

  • Which body monitors AQI?

  • PM2.5 refers to what size?

  • Which Act governs air pollution?

Statement-based question highly probable.

10. Mains Angle

  • Why does Delhi face recurring pollution crises?

  • Centre–State coordination challenges

  • Urban planning & environmental governance

11. RBI Grade B Angle

Minimal, except via sustainability and ESG discussions.

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