COP Developments & India’s NDC Progress (2024–26): Climate Targets, Commitments & Global Negotiations

 COP Developments & India’s NDC Progress (2024–26): Climate Targets, Commitments & Global Negotiations

1. Why in News?

During 2024–26:

  • Annual UN Climate Conferences (COP meetings) reviewed global progress.

  • Focus areas included:

    • Climate finance

    • Adaptation funding

    • Renewable transition

    • Global stocktake outcomes

India’s climate commitments were reassessed in global discussions.

2. What is COP?

COP = Conference of Parties
Under UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).

UNFCCC adopted in 1992 (Rio Earth Summit).

COP is the supreme decision-making body.

UPSC loves this.

3. India’s Climate Commitments

India’s NDC (Nationally Determined Contributions):

  • 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030

  • Reduce emissions intensity of GDP

  • Net Zero by 2070

Remember:
NDCs are voluntary but legally reported commitments.

4. Key Climate Terms

Mitigation

Reducing emissions.

Adaptation

Adjusting to climate impacts.

Climate Finance

Funds for climate-related action.

Loss and Damage

Support for countries suffering climate impacts.

Prelims trap zone.

5. Global Stocktake

Under Paris Agreement:
Periodic review of collective progress.

Purpose:
Assess whether countries are on track to meet targets.

6. Paris Agreement Basics

Adopted: 2015
Objective:
Limit warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C.

National commitments updated every 5 years.

7. India’s Position

  • Emphasises climate justice

  • Calls for developed nations to provide finance

  • Focus on renewable expansion

Balance between development & sustainability.

8. Prelims Angle

Likely traps:

  • COP under which convention?

  • NDC full form?

  • What is global stocktake?

  • Difference between mitigation & adaptation?

  • Net zero year for India?

Statement-based question highly probable.

9. Mains Angle

  • Is climate finance adequate?

  • Developed vs developing country responsibilities

  • Can India balance growth with climate goals?

10. RBI Grade B Angle

  • Climate risk in financial sector

  • Green finance role

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